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Science and Technology in the Middle Ages: A Preliminary Bibliography


  • Aitchison, Leslie. A History of Metals. 2 vols. London, 1960.
  • Arano, Luisa Cogliati. The Medieval Health Handbook, Tacuinum sanitatis. Translated by Oscar Ratti and Adele Westbrook. New York, 1976.
  • Ascherl, Rosemary. "The Technology of Chivalry in Reality and Romances." In The study of Chivalry: Resources and Approaches, edited by Howell Chickering and Thomas Seiler, 263-311. Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1988.
  • Bachrach, Bernard S. "Charles Martel, Mounted Shock Combat, the Stirrup, and Feudal Origins." Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History 7 (1970): 47-76.
  • Bachrach, Bernard S. Merovingian Military Organization, 481-751. Minneapolis, 1972.
  • Bachrach, Bernard S. "The Origin of Armorican Chivalry." Technology and Culture 10 (1969): 166-71.
  • Bechmann, Roland. Trees and Man: The Forest in the Middle Ages. Translated by Katharyn Dunham. New York, 1990.
  • Bedini, Silvio. "The Role of Automata in the History of Technology." Technology and Culture 4 (1964): 24-42.
  • Bennett, Judith M. "The Village Ale-Wife. Women and Brewing in Fourteenth Century England." In Women and Work in Preindustrial Europe, edited by Barbara A. Hanawalt, 20-36. Bloomington, Indiana, 1986.
  • Benoit, P., and P. Brunstein, eds. Mines, carrières, et métallurgie dans la France médiévale. Paris, 1983.
  • Bivar, A.D.H. "The Stirrup and Its Origins." Oriental Arts, n.s. 1 (1955): 61-68.
  • Bowles, Edmund A. "On the Origin of the Keyboard Mechanism in the Late Middle Ages." Technology and Culture 7 (1966): 152-62.
  • Boyer, Marjorie Nice. "A Day's Journey in Medieval France." Speculum 26 (1951): 597-608.
  • Boyer, Marjorie Nice. "Medieval Suspended Carriages." Speculum 34 (1959): 359-66.
  • Boyer, Marjorie Nice, "Rebuilding the Bridge at Albi, 1408-1410." Technology and Culture 10 (1969): 24-37.
  • Boyer, Marjorie Nice, "Roads and Rivers: Their Use and Disuse in Late Medieval France." Medievalia et Humanistica 13 (1960): 68-80.
  • Boyer, Marjorie Nice, "Water Mills: A Problem for the Bridges and Boats of Medieval France." History of Technology 7 (1982): 1-22.
  • Bradbury, Jim. The Medieval Archer. New York, 1985.
  • Braudel, Fernand. Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, vol. I, The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible. Translated by Siân Reynolds. New York, 1981.
  • Bryer, Anthony. "Europe and the Wider World to the Fifteenth Century." In Douglas Johnson, ed., The Making of the Modern World, vol. 1, Europe Discovers the World, 50-92. London, 1971.
  • Carus-Wilson, E. M. "An Industrial Revolution of the Thirteenth Century." Economic History Review 12 (1941): 39-60.
  • Casson, Lionel, "New Light on Ancient Rigging and Boatbuilding," American Neptune 24 (1964): 81-94.
  • Crossley, David W., ed. Medieval Industry (Research Report 40, Council for British Archaeology). London, 1981.
  • Duby, Georges. The Early Growth of European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century. Translated by Howard B. Clarke. Ithaca, New York, 1974.
  • Duby, Georges. Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West. Translated by Cynthia Postan. Columbia, South Carolina, 1968.
  • Dyer, Christopher. Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge, 1989.
  • Eisenstein, Elizabeth E. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. 2 vols. Cambridge, 1979.
  • Endrei, Walter. L'Evolution des techniques du filage et du tissage du Moyen Age à la révolution industrielle. Translated from the Hungarian by Joseph Tackacs. Paris, 1968.
  • Etz, Donald V. "The First Technological Revolution." Technology and Culture 8 (1967): 505-16.
  • Finley, M. I. "Technical Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World." Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 18 (1965): 29-45.
  • Foley, Vernard, Werner Soedel, John Turner, and Brian Wilhoite. "The Origin of Gearing." History of Technology 7 (1982): 101-29.
  • Forbes, R. J. Man the Maker: A History of Technology and Engineering. London, 1958.
  • Gaier, C. "La Cavalerie lourde en Europe occidentale du XIIe au XVe siècle." Revue internationale d'histoire militaire 31 (1971): 385-96.
  • Gairdner, James, ed. The Paston Letters, 1422-1509. 6 vols. London, 1904.
  • Gale, W. K. V. Iron and Steel. London, 1969.
  • Grant, Michael. The World of Rome. New York, 1960.
  • Hall, Bert S. "Der Meister sol auch kennen schreiben und lesen: Writings About Technology, ca. 1400-1600 A.D., and their Cultural Implications." In Denise Schmant-Besserat, ed., Early Technologies, 47-58. Malibu, California, 1979.
  • Hall, Bert S. "The New Leonardo," review of Ladislao Reti, ed., Leonardo da Vinci, the Madrid Codices and The Unknown Leonardo. Isis 67 (1976): 463-76.
  • Hall, Bert S., and Delno C. West, eds. On Pre-modern Technology and Science: A Volume of Studies in Honor of Lynn White, Jr. Malibu, California, 1976.
  • Hart, Ivor B. The World of Leonardo da Vinci, Man of Science, Engineer, and Dreamer of Flight. New York, 1962.
  • Harte, N.B., and K. G. Ponting. Cloth and Clothing in Medieval Europe: Essays in Memory of Professor E. M. Carus-Wilson. London, 1983.
  • Hartenberg, Richard S., and John Schmidt, Jr. "The Egyptian Drill and the Origin of the Crank." Technology and Culture 10 (1969): 155-65.
  • Harvey, John Hooper. The Gothic World, 1100-1600: A Survey of Architecture and Art. New York: 1969 (first published in 1950).
  • Harvey, John Hooper, Mediaeval Craftsmen. London, 1975.
  • Hawthorne, John G., and Cyril Stanley Smith. On Divers Arts: The Treatise of Theophilus. Chicago, 1963.
  • Herlihy, David, Robert S. Lopez, and Vsevolod Slessarev, eds. Economy, Society, and Government in Medieval Italy: Essays in Memory of Robert Reynolds. Kent, Ohio, 1969.
  • Hill, Donald. A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. La Salle, Illinois, 1984.
  • Hill, Donald. "Trebuchets." Viator 4 (1973): 99-116.
  • Hodges, Richard, and David Whitehouse. Mohammed, Charlemagne, and the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. Ithaca, New York, 1983.
  • Holmes, Urban Tigner, Jr. Daily Living in the Twelfth Century, Based on the Observations of Alexander Neckam in London and Paris. Madison, Wisconsin, 1966 (first published in 1952).
  • Holt, Richard. The Mills of Medieval England. London, 1988.
  • Husa, Vaclav, Joseph Petrau, and Alena Surbota. Traditional Crafts and Skills: Life and Work in Medieval and Renaissance Times. London, 1967.
  • Kilby, Kenneth. The Cooper and His Trade. London, 1971.
  • Landels, J. G. Engineering in the Ancient World. Berkeley, California, 1978.
  • Landes, David S. Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983.
  • Lane, Frederic C. "The Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compass." American Historical Review 68 (1963): 605-17.
  • Lane, Frederic C. Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance. New York, 1979 (first published in 1934).
  • Le Goff, Jacques. Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago, 1980.
  • Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. Times of Feast, Times of Famine: A History of Climate Since the Year 1000. Translated by Barbara Bray. New York, 1971.
  • Lewis, Archibald R. "The Islamic World and the Latin West, 1350-1500." Speculum 65 (1990): 833-44.
  • Lewis, Archibald R. Nomads and Crusaders, A.D. 1000-1368. Bloomington, Indiana, 1991.
  • Lewis, Bernard. The Arabs in History. New York, 1960 (first published in 1950).
  • Lewis, Bernard, The Muslim Discovery of Europe. New York, 1982.
  • Long, Pamela O., ed. Science and Technology in Medieval Society. New York, 1985.
  • Lopez, Robert S. The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950-1350. Cambridge, 1976.
  • Lopez, Robert S., "The Evolution of Land Transport in the Middle Ages." Past and Present 9 (1956): 17-29.
  • McCluskey, Stephen C. "Gregory of Tours, Monastic Timekeeping, and Early Christian Attitudes to Astronomy." Isis 81 (1990): 8-22.
  • Mahmud, Sayed Jafar. Metal Technology in Medieval India. Delhi, 1988.
  • Martini, Francesco di Giorgio. Trattati di architettura, ingegneria, e arte militare. 2 vols. Milan, 1967.
  • Mokyr, Joel. The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress. New York, 1990.
  • Mundy, John H., and Peter Riesenberg. The Medieval Town. Princeton, New Jersey, 1958.
  • Neckam, Alexander. De naturis rerum. Translated by Thomas Wright. London, 1863.
  • Needham, Joseph. "Chinese Priorities in Cast Iron Metallurgy." Technology and Culture 5 (1964): 398-404.
  • Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilization in China. Cambridge, 1954-. Vol. 1, Introductory Orientations, 1954. Vol IV., pt. 1 (with Wang Ling), Physics, 1962. Vol. IV. pt. 2 (with Wang Ling), Mechanical Engineering, 1965. Vol V., pt. 1 (sole author, Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin), Paper and Printing, 1985. Vol. V., pt. 7 (With Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, and Wang Ling), Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic, 1986.
  • North, J.D. "The Astrolabe." Scientific American 230 (1974): 96-106.
  • North, J. D., ed. and trans. Richard of Wallingford, Tractatus horologii astronomici. 3 vols. Oxford, 1976.
  • O'Leary, De Lacy. How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs. London, 1964.
  • Ovitt, George, Jr. The Restoration of Perfection: Labor and Technology in Medieval Culture. New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1987.
  • Phillips, J. R. S. The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford, 1988.
  • Postan, M. M. The Medieval Economy and Society: An Economic History of Britain, 1100-1500. Berkeley, California, 1972.
  • Pounds, Norman J. G. Hearth and Home: A History of Material Culture. Bloomington, Indiana, 1989.
  • Power, Elieen. Medieval Women. Edited by M. M. Postan. Cambridge, 1975.
  • Price, Derek J. deSolla. "Automata and the Origins of Mechanism and Mechanistic Philosophy." Technology and Culture 5 (1964): 9-23.
  • Reynolds, Robert L. Europe Emerges: Transition Toward an Industrial World-wide Society, 600-1750. Madison, Wisconsin, 1967.
  • Reynolds, Terry S. Stronger Than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel. Baltimore, 1983.
  • Shapiro, Sheldon. "The Origin of the Suction Pump." Technology and Culture 5 (1964): 566-74.
  • Shelby, Lon R. "The Education of Medieval English Masons." Medieval Studies 33 (1970): 1-26.
  • Shelby, Lon R. "The Geometrical Knowledge of Mediaeval Master Masons." Speculum 47 (1972): 395-421.
  • Shelby, Lon R. "Medieval Masons' Tools: The Level and the Plumb Rule." Technology and Culture 2 (1961): 127-31.
  • Shelby, Lon R. "The Role of the Master Mason in Medieval English Building." Speculum 39 (1964): 387-403.
  • Smith, A. Mark. "Knowing Things Inside Out: The Scientific Revolution from a Medieval Perspective." American Historical Review 95 (1990): 726-44.
  • Smith, Cyril Stanley. "Granlulating Iron in Filarete's Smelter." Technology and Culture 5 (1964): 386-90.
  • Smith, R. A. L. "The Benedictine Contribution to Medieval Agriculture." In Smith, Collected Papers, 103-16. London, 1947.
  • Spencer, John. "Filarete's Description of a Fifteenth Century Iron Smelter at Ferrière." Technology and Culture 4 (1963): 201-5.
  • Swetz, Frank J. Capitalism and Arithmetic: The New Math of the 15th Century. La Salle, Illinois, 1987.
  • Thomas, Keith. "Work and Leisure in Pre-industrial Society." Past and Present 29 (1964): 50-62.
  • Thompson, E. A., ed. A. Roman Reformer and Inventor, Being a Text of the Treatise De rebus bellicis. Oxford, 1950.
  • Turner, A. J. Astrolabes; Astrolabe-Related Instruments. Rockford Illinois, 1985.
  • Unger, Richard. The Ship in the Medieval Economy, 600-1600. London, 1980.
  • Unger, Richard. "Warships and Cargo Ships in Medieval Europe." Technology and Culture 22 (1981): 233-52.
  • Usher, Abbott Payson. A History of Mechanical Inventions. Boston, 1959 (first published in 1929).
  • Villard de Honnecourt. The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt. Edited by Theodore Bowie. Bloomington, Indiana, 1959.
  • Walter of Henley's Husbandry, Together with an Anonymous Husbandry, Seneschaucie, etc. Edited by E. Lamond. London, 1890.
  • White, Lynn, Jr. "Dynamo and Virgin Reconsidered." American Scholar 27 (1958): 183-94.
  • White, Lynn, Jr. "The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis." Science 156 (1967): 1203-7.
  • White, Lynn, Jr. Medieval Religion and Technology: Collected Essays. Berkeley, California, 1978.
  • White, Lynn, Jr. Medieval Technology and Social Change. London, 1962.
  • White, Lynn, Jr. "The Study of Medieval Technology, 1924-1974, Personal Reflections." Technology and Culture 16 (1975): 519-30.
  • White, Lynn, Jr. "Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages." Speculum 15 (1940): 141-56.
  • White, Lynn Jr., "What Accelerated Technological Progress in the Western Middle Ages?" In A. C. Crombie, ed., Scientific Change, 272-91. New York, 1963.
  • White, Lynn, Jr., ed. The Transformation of the Roman World: Gibbon's Problem After Two Centuries. Berkeley, California, 1966.
  • Whitney, Elspeth. Paradise Restored: The Mechanical Arts from Antiquity Through the Thirteenth Century. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 80. Philadelphia, 1990.
  • Wulff, Hans E. The Traditional Crafts of Persia, Their Developments, Technology, and Influence on Eastern and Western Civilization. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1966.


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